The Occupation

No one has been more successful in studying occupation habits than Mr. Frank B. Gilbreth, an expert in the building trades. He discovered that in constructing a brick wall a good mason can lay one hundred and twenty bricks in an hour and that in laying each brick he makes eighteen distinct motions. The motions were not made in an economical sequence; some of them were useless, and merely exhausted the energy of the workman. Mr. Gilbreth attempted to apply to the industry of bricklaying the principles of billiard playing. Every motion of the mason should be a ``play for position.'' He should make each motion so as to be ready for the next. For example, the motion of placing the mortar for the end joint should end with the trowel in position ready to cut off the hanging mortar. When the motions are made in the correct sequence, two or more of them can be combined and performed in but little more time than would be required to make each of the separate motions. Thus, cutting off mortar, buttering the end of the laid brick, and reaching for more mortar can all be performed as a single movement. In this way the motions of the mason have been reduced from eighteen to five per brick. All this change has been brought about from a study of the occupation habits of masons. In discussing the results, Mr. Gilbreth says: ``It has changed the entire method of laying bricks by reducing the kind, number, sequence, and length of motions. The economic value of motion study has been proved by the fact that we have more than tripled the workman's output in bricklaying and at the same time lowered cost and increased wages simultaneously, and the end is not yet.''

Attempts to develop beneficial occupation habits in executives have not yet been exhaustively and scientifically carried out. Such experiments are, however, sure to be successful, and it is quite probable that before another decade has passed the habits of executives will have been as successfully studied and controlled as have the occupation habits of mechanics cited above.

The introduction of physics and chemistry have led to marvelous results in methods of manufacture and transportation. Those who have given most attention to the advances of psychology during the past two decades are confident that by the proper application of psychology the efficiency of men is to be increased beyond the idle dream of the optimist of the past. Since by a study of habits the efficiency of men in fundamental occupations has been increased from forty to four hundred per cent, it is hard to prophesy what results are to be secured from more extensive studies.

{The remaider of this etext (Index + Advert.) is raw OCR} INDEX

Ability, potential, 231. Accidents, mine, 96. Acclimated, 17. Acclimatization, 18. Accountant, experienced, 319. Advance, periods of, 232; of learning, 242. Africa, 189. Air, 172; foul, 180. Alertness, mental, 44. Alphabet, repeating, 284. Altruistic, 203. American, business, 24; steel- makers, 48, 206; executives, 118; ideals, 205; people, 209 f., 219. Architecture, 174. Armour, 87. Athletic, contest, 9; events, 169; trainer, 2 11. Attention, 3; passive, 109 f.; secondary passive, 112 ff.; voluntary, III ff., 123, 234, 249 ff., 279. Attitudes, 132 ff., 177; receptive, 182, 183, 187; promotion of, 193, 202, 215; ``do-or-die,'' 250; personal, 279 ff. Authority, plenary, 88.

``Bad days,'' 207. Bessemer converters, 48. Bicycles, 194. ``Big'' selling months, 72. ``Bogy'' in golf, 55 f. Bohemian woman, 288. Bonus, 35, 142, 145, 165, 178, 252, 304; system, 297, 326. Book, W. F., ``Psychology of Skill,'' 227. Bookkeeping, experience in, 282. Boor, 324. Boss, 49, 83, 178, 253. Boy, messenger, 7; errand, 277. Brain, 309. Breakdowns, 208. `` Breaking in,'' 41, 232, 237. British Iron and Steel Institute, 49. Brooding, habit of, 216. Bryan & Harter, Psychological Review, 230.

Cabinet meetings,'' 119. Campaign, educational, 102, 155; advertising, 238. Capacities, mental, 134, 178. Capitalizing experience, 303 ff. Carnegie, Andrew, 49 ff.; mills, 57 f., 87; his cabinet, 94 f., 221. Caution in competition, 61. Cells, brain and muscle, 172, 173.

Chemistry, 4, 7, 331. Christ, 85, 206. Clauston, Dr., 206. Cleveland, Grover, 188. Clubs, local, 220. Coach, 9, 303. Coaching, effect of, 9, 10. College grades, 16. Combustion, 171. Commendation in competition, 62 f., 73. Competition, 48 ff . Concentration, 104 ff . Connection, body and mind, 121. Consciousness, 172. Conservation of individuality, 94. Consumption, comparative, 50, 172,173. Contests, 68; shooting match, 69; balloon race, 70. Coperation of employees, 80. Cost of living, 160. Courses, coperative, 270 f; in college, 282; automatic, 320. Crane, R. P., 20. Curve practice, 224 ff.

Danger signal, 211. Darwin, Charles, 22 ff. Devices, mechanical, 170. Dickens, C., 176. Discipline, 11, 179. Discomfort, 165, 177. Disparity, 168. Dissipations, 220. Distinction, social, 141. Distribution, 1, 3, 4-

Doherty, H. L., 217. ``Dragged out,'' 08. Drill, 3.

``Easy improvements,'' 246. Edison, 14, 37. Education, industrial, 201; work on, 21Q; school, 264; theoretical, 299. Efficiency, see Chap. 1, 7, A; personal, io5, 18o, 186; curve Of, 223, 251; high, 240; slumps in, 253. Effort, voluntary, 111[, 124. Electric, fans, YL66; lights, 2. `` Employment,'' ioi. Energies, 16; mental, 20; expenditure Of, 21. Engines, gas, 2; steam turbine, 2. English, ironmasters, 48, 319, 320. Enthusiasm, 186, 1187, 190. Environment, physical, 2, 179 f., 18o; factors in, 253. Establishments, 49, 158; successful, 175. European, 208. Exhaustion, A8, 172, 173, 284. Experience, see Chaps. XI-XII; most valuable, 296. Expression, verbal, 3oi.

``February sale,'' 53. Field, Marshall, 87, 94, 193. Fluctuations, in learning, 232; subject to, 249. Food, 172. Football, 9.

Forfeiture of bond, 75. French, reading, 284. Fulton, 37. ``Garden cities,'' 122. General Electric CO., 271. Generations, rising, 220. Geniuses, potential, T.9i; business, igi. German, 319, 320. `` Getting together,'' 198. Gilbreth, F. B., 329 f. Girls, sewing, 05. Gladstone, 113, 2 2 1. Golf, 54; bogy, 194, 248. ``Go stale,'' 235, 251. Government, paternalistic, 8o. Grant, 9r. Grasp, intellectual, 22. Great Lakes, 48. Greece, ancient, 219. Grip, maximum, 225 f. Guilds, industrial, 1197-

Habit formation, see Chap. XIII; special conditions, 296 ff., 3o8; social, 323; personal, 3 2 1 reduce exhaustion, 318. Handicaps, in competition, 61; principle of, 61 f. Handy men,'' o6, 253. Harriman, E. H., 17. Hathaway, H. R., 327. Health and vigor, 278. Herculean, 14, 205. Hill, J. J., 20, Hours, reasonable, 82; of freedom, 219.